...it's a structural consequence of growth. Double the team and you roughly quadruple the coordination surface. Every successful organization passes a threshold of complexity that exceeds what individuals can manage without supporting frameworks.
The difficulty is that complexity accumulates in two places. The first is the formal system: the tools, processes, and data through which work is executed. The second is the informal one: who owns what, how information travels, and who steps in when something fails. Most attempts to fix complexity address only the formal system, and the result is a new tool layered over the same undocumented habits.
The productivity loss without dealing holistically with the challenges is immense and felt across so many organizations. Our method treats both systems as a single object of design. That discipline, sociotechnical systems optimization, informs every phase of the 4 imPERAtives.